Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Reflective Journal - Assignment Example In my opinion, the perception of Total Quality Management (TQM) is essential to consider by an organisation, as in recent times, customers have increased their expectations towards availing their respective desired products. To fulfil the sophistication in products that would raise customer satisfaction, project management must have to introduce TQM concept. Justifiably, if customers do not accept the exact service that they want, they seek for other alternatives and thus create a worsened situation for any particular project. There usually lay several chances for having customer’s dissatisfaction in terms of cost as well as quality along with service. From the basis of discussion, I would like to state that when a project results into cost-effective with minimum quality as well as fulfil all the desirable characteristics from customers’ perception, they become satisfied and after that, such project could be wrapped rapidly (Frame, 2002). For instance, in terms of an on line product like a dress material, a customer may select the material through online marketing site of a company and likewise order that particular item. The site would provide opportunity to the customers like cash on delivery and free shipping. Three days later after ordering, the product would reach to customers’ destination. If there does not exist any such problem in the product, the customer should be happy and remain satisfied with the product and likewise provide the purchasing costs without any hesitation. However, I think these circumstances would change if the product does not contain the same colour or the expected material does not get matched with the delivered product. By considering the above stated circumstances, the customer could refuse to accept the product and the management should recreate the whole process again for gaining the satisfaction level of such customer. After smooth completion of the process, the online company could be able to receive cash

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 214

Assignment Example I believe that this is the sign that he was extremely talented. As the presented puts it, every next text that was writer afterward simply expanded the ides which were created in his two fundamental works. The first one is called The World as Will and Representation and the other one is called On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Another aspect of his life that really influenced me as the decision that he made when he was young. It is said that he could pursue many different careers, including running a business, but he knew that his accomplishments would lie in the academic field. Having learned about the idea which were develop by this philosopher, I must admit that he is truly one of the most wise scholars of his century and the science would have been greatly damaged in case Schopenhauer had chosen a different field of activity. It was suggested in the video that he was able to influence a considerable number of people who were later recognized as prominent individuals as well. It is quite remarkable to see the way he treated the concept of will and tried to use it in order to explain the world as it is. I believe that a careful examination of his legacy is beneficial to all

Looking At Wireless Power Transmission Information Technology Essay

Looking At Wireless Power Transmission Information Technology Essay Wireless power transmission is the process of transmitting electrical energy to an electrical load, from a source emitting power without interconnecting wires. The wireless transfer of electromagnetic energy as in different forms like audio format, video format and data format is common nowadays but wireless power transfer technology is still years ahead. Even though the idea was developed 100s of years ago and scientists are still working on the topic an efficient way for wireless transfer of power is yet to be developed. The development of highly efficient WPT technology will be a breakthrough in the history of wireless transmission as it allows lots of portable devices to be charged without plugging on to a socket or docked to a charging station. The development of WPT serves to be useful in many ways, as transmission of power in hazardous environment is inefficient and dangerous. The WPT differs from the wireless transmission of telecommunication signals as the WPT takes into consideration the efficiency parameter where as in the latter the energy parameter is significant only if the signal is distorted in such away that it cannot be distinguished. The WPT is economical if and only if the receiver receives the same amount of energy transmitted by the source. The direct induction method is the most common method used for the WPT and is being used for short distance WPT, but it had disadvantages and was overcome by later technologies developed like the resonant magnetic induction method, electromagnetic radiation methods like microwaves and lasers. The modern era where the ideology of high efficiency in practical circuits comes to existence, the WPT technology proves wrong due to the low efficiency of the developed technologies. The WPT technology in industries by electromagnetic radiation is possibly only remote in the design and most of the industries are looking forward for better designs for better efficiency in power transfer. Most of such design lags the property of safe human environment for living and the economical barriers. A design of WPT system which overcomes these factors is still to be worked out and is being experimented throughout the world. Why Wireless Power Transmission (WPT)? The studies throughout the world has proven that most of the electrical energy transfer is done through the interconnection wires and lots of energy is lost during the transmission due to various internal and external factors like the resistance of the wires the material of the conduction wires, the size of the wires, the atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity etc. On an average basis the loss of power due to transmission through wires is calculated to exceed to be more than 30%. This is where the WPT comes into action , the WPT is highly reliable, fast , low cost for the maintenance and can also be used for short range and long range distance transmissions. These factors pop-in the idea for WPT. History of WPT The WPT history can be traced from the early 19th century. The first electromagnet was developed in the year 1825 by William Sturgeon which paved the way for the discovery of principles of magnetic induction in the year 1831. This was followed by the demonstration of transmission and reception of electrical energy without wires to connect the point of origin and termination by Nicholas Joseph Callan using the above two developments. These experiments even though demonstrated was successful but in practical cases was always kept under suspicion which was due to the interpretance that it was not possible for long distance transmission and fear of safety. The invention of transmission of very and ultra high frequency radio waves dedicated to Heinrich Hertz followed the revolutionary development of the wireless electricity transfer by Nikola Tesla in the year 1891, on which he took the patent-ship for illuminating the bulbs wirelessly. Nikola Tesla is called as the pioneer of the induction techniques as his technique was based on induction method. His vision of WORLD WIRELESS SYSTEM which inculcated the idea of people accessing the free energy. He even planned to set working a 187 feet tall tower for broadcasting energy but was put down due to lack of funds. The experimentation in early 20th century was successful in transmitting power over a distance wirelessly but was not able solve the problem of power loss due to hindrances. In the 19th century WPT passed through various phases of technological developments. Even after 100 years the idea of Tesla is being used by the MIT scientists led by Soljacic for their project named WiTricity. Different technologies of WPT Near-field techniques: The techniques for short distance transmission of power wirelessly. Mostly the induction methods are used for near-fields. These techniques are as follows. (1)Inductive coupling Electromagnetic induction is a process whereby a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field results in the production of voltage across a conducting plate. This voltage in-turn generates an electrical current called the induced current because the current on the second conductor is induced by the first. In the inductive coupling technique the primary and the secondary are not connected by wires but the energy is transferred by mutual induction. Mutual induction refers to the generation of EMF in circuit due to a change of current in nearby circuit. Electromagnetic increases with the increase in current, the voltage in the conducting plate responsible for the magnetic fields and also the increase in the frequency. The energy is transmitted from the conducting plates which is responsible for the fields to another conductor termed the secondary where the fields impinge on. A part of the energy on the primary is passed inductively through space decreasing the energy in the primary and imparting energy into the secondary. High frequency currents are not liable to pass the current for long distances but transfers energy by induction rapidly to the adjacent or neighboring conductors. Lower the frequency of the current less preponderant becomes the effects of induction. The phenomenon is classified more local, if the energy decreases rapidly in the circuit causing the current in the circuit to die-out. In the space outside the conductor the phenomena results in dielectric stress and steady magnetic condition for continuous current and alternating for alternating current input. For the telecommunication channels the magnetic and electric fields outside conductor is only considered for the transmitting and receiving of messages. Transformer working is the simplest example for WPT. A current which is varying in the primary generates a varying magnetic flux in the core of the transformer which results in the varying magnetic field in the secondary. This field induces a varying voltage or EMF(electromotive force) in the secondary. This is termed as mutual induction. It should be noted that most of the energy transferring devices are usually air-cored. There are many examples of air-cored devices, such as the wireless charging pads, electric brushes etc. Induction coupling is the underlying principle of charging of an electric toothbrush. The input current through the primary winding creates a magnetic flux thus a magnetic field. When the toothbrush is placed in the charger, a current is induced in the secondary by the magnetic field, which is connected to the batter of the brush and thus recharges the battery. The wireless charging of the portable devices of great advantage as it is comfortable to use, shock proof and less usage of wires which is more economical. The figure() shows the picture of an wirelessly charged toothbrush. The principle to recharge several devices at a time is similar to that of the charging of electric brush. The Splashpower recharging mat and Edisions Electric PowerDesk are few examples. The WCP (wireless charging pads) are devices that are devised for the charging the battery automatically when placed on it. There is no connection with the wires between the charging pad and the device battery to be charged. The technique of induction to transfer energy is utilized in this and air acts as core. Resonance Inductive Coupling It is the combination of resonance principles along with the inductive coupling principles. When a relatively low frequency close to the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of system being resonated produces large amplitude of vibration it is called resonance. Two objects or bodies are made to strongly interact with each other during the time of resonance. It is also noted that an objects physical structure determines the natural frequency of vibration of the object. Objects vibrate more easily at resonant frequency than at other frequencies. We know that magnetic flux developed due to the passage of current in the primary creates a magnetic field which induces an EMF in the secondary and thus current was the principle of inductive coupling. Working principles of Resonance Inductive Coupling. The coil in the fig() provides the inductance when the circuit is supplied with voltage. The induction takes place in a slight different manner when the electromagnetic fields surrounding the coils start to resonate in the similar frequencies. The inductor used here is a curved coil wire. We also see a capacitance plate attached to each end of the coil to hold the charge, that is a capacitance, is connected in parallel to the coil on both sides that is the primary and the secondary coil. When electricity is passed through the coil the coil begins to resonate. The resonating frequency is the product of the capacitance of the plates and the inductance of the coil. Electricity which travels alongside the electromagnetic wave tunnels from the source coil to the target coil, if both of the resonant frequencies are the same, where resonance is a function of the product of the capacitance connected in parallel and the inductance of the coil. Loss of energy or power due to radiation is negligible in this case. If the two coils to be linked are out of range of one another, there occurs no transmission of power as the fields are not strong enough to affect the surroundings. This is the same affect when two coils which are resonating at different frequencies exists. Considering two coils resonating at the same frequency to be in the same range, energy streams moves from the transmitting to the recipetant. This theory also provides the functionality of more than one receiving coil in the same range operating at the same resonant frequency to function. This type of energy is termed as NON-RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER as it involves the static fields surrounding the coils more than the fields spreading in all directions. Advantages of Resonance Inductive Coupling (RIC) over Inductive Coupling Compared to inductive coupling the efficiency of RIC is very high. The range of RIC is much greater than compared to the inductive coupling, range for inductive coupling is below 5 cm whereas for the RIC it in the range of few meters. The directivity of the RIC is larger compared to the inductive coupling. RIC can implemented in one-to-many format, but the implementation of inductive coupling is generally one-on-one format. The devices implemented using RIC are easily portable compared to that of the inductive coupling gadgets. This is because of the small size of the component structure and the ease to use. Air Ionization Ionization of air refers to the process of imparting charges that is negative or positive charge to the air molecules by the application of high voltage. In this method of transferring the electricity, the charged particles that are the anions or cations move from the source to the target terminal through the atmosphere, by imparting charges to the air molecules. This technique even though seems to be simple in construction, it is the most toughest and un-economical method of transfer of power in the near field techniques. The disadvantages are really more in this technique because minimum field strength of 2.11 Megavolt is required to transfer the electricity over a distance of 1 meter, which is very high potential difference to be created. There should be a static atmospheric condition for this technique to be implemented and mostly the dust particles in the atmosphere can also affect the transfer of electric power, from one terminal to the other terminal. The natural example is the lightening which occurs. So taking into consideration all the negative points which overcome the advantages, it can be concluded that Air ionization method for wireless energy transfer is not feasible for implementation. Advantages of near-field techniques The absence of wires is being considered as the greatest advantage. There is no presence of e-waste. The need for battery is suppressed to a certain extent. Efficient energy transfer using the RIC up-to a distance of few meters is possible. The methods are harmless, if the strength of the fields used are under safety levels prescribed by the standards prescribed. The maintenance cost is considerably low for the devices in the near field techniques. Disadvantages of near-field techniques One of the main disadvantages of the near-field techniques is the distance. This technique implies the wireless transfer of energy only for a short distance. It has to be taken care of that, the strength of the fields developed should be below the safety level so that it does not affect the human safety. The initial capital for setting the circuit is considerably high. The tuning of the RIC circuit is a difficult task and consumes more time. The signals to the supply should be having high frequency because the induction is proportional to the frequency of the signal supply. The air ionization process for the near-field technique is not a feasible technique that can be implemented for the wireless transmission of energy. Far-field techniques for wireless power transmission Far-field techniques for WPT refer to transfer of power from one terminal to another terminal which is kept far apart. The techniques used for near-field transfer are not viable because the efficiency will be tending to zero or almost zero if implemented by those techniques. That is the power received at the receiving terminal will be zero. There are mainly two types of techniques used for the energy transfer in far-field techniques they are as follows Microwave wireless power transfer The electromagnetic waves that are arranged in between the infrared spectrum and the radio wave spectrum are termed as microwave. Their frequency ranges in from 300 Mega hertz to 300 Giga hertz. They are used for a wide range of applications such as Bluetooth, wifi, microwave Owen etc. The frequency range of microwave is in between 1 and 40 GHz which is generally used for applications. For long distance transfer of power, microwave is one of the best medium used. The microwave band is generally used because antennas of convenient sizes that are able to transmit and receive the microwave signals and also the metal waveguides for carrying the radio power works are available. Besides this the technologies in electronics where millimeter waveband is required the microwave proves to be helpful. This is because in millimeter wavelengths the radio waves are attenuated while the microwaves are not. The microwave was used for transmission of power for various applications such as running of the unmanned helicopter developed by Americans, powering the outer space vehicles etc. There are mainly three steps involved in the transmission and reception of power by MPT. Step1: The conversion of electrical energy into microwave. After this process the microwave is emitted with very-high power emitters called the cavity magnetrons. Step2: The microwave is then captured using a rectenna. The rectenna is a combinational circuit consisting of rectifier and an antenna. Step3: Microwave energy is converted to electrical by the rectenna. In the process of transmitting microwave, the AC supply needs to be converted to DC as it is not possible to convert the AC directly to microwave. The process of conversion of DC to microwave is done by magnetron. The magnetron is a highly powered vacuum tube structure that is responsible for the production of coherent microwaves. The rectenna can also be called as rectifying antennae as it converts the microwave directly into DC electricity. Rectenna consists of elements that are sorted in multi element array and consists of pattern reflector element mesh to give directionality. It is easily constructed by placing Schottky diode in between the antennae dipoles. The DC is converted back in the next process using an inverter circuit. Considering the receiver to be a photovoltaic cell, the microwave system for earthbound applications exceeding an area limit of diameter size 10 Km the arrays in the receiving station has large power levels in total , limiting the exposure of electromagne tic radiations which is considered for human safety. A density of power equals to or less than 1mW/cm2 is considered safe for human environment, and with this density of power for a diameter of 10 km 750 megawatts of power can be generated. This standard value is utilized by several modern power plants in the world. Laser transmission of power A device emitting electromagnetic radiation by the process of optical amplification on the basis of stimulated emission is termed as laser. Laser has high directivity and high degree of temporal and spatial coherence which is a unique property of laser that cannot be attained by any other technologies. The laser beams does not get dispersed for long during the time of transmission. The disadvantage of the laser is that it gets attenuated while propagating through the atmosphere because of hindrance due to the dust particles prevailing in the atmosphere. The receiver designed for the laser power transmitter and receiver is simple in design and construction. The laser system is a cost efficient system due to the simple design and structure. These points form positive side for the implementation of the laser system. The receiver in the case of laser system is a photovoltaic cell. The laser system is mainly used when electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum near to visible region that is 10s of nm or microns are to be transmitted, power is transmitted changing electricity in the form of laser beams and then projected onto a photo-voltaic cell which acts as the receiver. The receiver then turns it back to electricity. This is called the power beaming mechanism. This is so called because power is forced or beamed at the receiving end to convert the power into useful electric energy. The fig() shows the concept how laser is used for transferring the power to an object in the sky. Here it represents flying objects battery being charged by controlled transmission of laser beams, tracking the object with the help of the radar, and powering the target with the help of laser generating source. Comparison of Laser and Microwave techniques Laser method requires antennae of smaller sizes compared to that of the microwave technique of power transfer. Microwaves interferes with each other where as laser is highly monochromatic and does not interfere (two frequencies used for microwave power transfer are 2.45GHz and 5.4 GHz). Laser gets attenuated and also diffracted due to the particles present in the atmosphere, but microwave is resistant to this. Transmission of energy over a long range is possible due to property of collimated monochromatic propagation of wave-front in lasers but the range of microwave is small considered to lasers. The receiver size of the laser technique is small considered to the microwave method because of the compact size of the photovoltaic components. The laser beams does not affect or interfere the normal radio communication due to the large difference in their wavelengths, but microwave as it has wavelengths closer to that of the radio communication channel wavelength the possibility of interference is more. The photovoltaic cells in the laser receiver is not as efficient as in the microwave receiver as in laser, only 40%-50% efficiency is only acquired. Advantages of far-field energy transfer Far-field energy transfer is more efficient. The need for setting substations, grids etc are eliminated due to the large distance transfer ability. These systems require less maintenance cost compared to the wired system of energy transfer. The systems become more and more effective if the transmitter and the receiver are along the line of sight. This system can be implemented in remote locations where access is difficult. Disadvantages of far-field energy transfer techniques This is radiative in nature so the losses are prevalent due to the radiations. In order to be more effective in working the transmitting and receiving stations must be in line of sight. When lasers are used: (1) conversion to electrical energy is inefficient at the receiver. (2)absorption loss is high due to the atmospheric particles which causes attenuation and diffraction in lasers(3) difficult to use in human environment. When microwaves are used (1) interference of two power signals (2) standards should considered for the sake of healthy living environment. Applications Near-field energy transfer Electric automobile charging The automobiles running on electricity are more common nowadays as it more environmental friendly, but the storage capacity of these vehicles are limited as it cannot afford huge batteries, so similar to the petroleum bunks, rises the concept of recharging stations. But these recharging stations cannot afford large number of plug-ins, as the density of vehicles increases besides it is a waste of time working with plug-ins in this busy and fast world, so wireless recharging of the vehicles is done in these situations to avoid waste of time and energy by near-field techniques, besides all these many vehicles can be recharged at a time using resonance inductive coupling. Consumer electronics In the world of consumer electronics, the technology changes are really fast. Each technology brings in more compacability and introduces more functionality into the products being manufactured. Such a world essentially requires the introduction of the wireless charging, because it reduces the cost of the wires plugged on to it, increases the reliability of use of the equipment, reduces the total size of the equipment and increases the ease of portability etc. Inductive coupling or resonance Inductive coupling techniques prove to be useful in these cases. Example is electronic toothbrush charger, splash power recharging mat etc. Industrial applications In industries there are processes involving high temperature, hazardous environment created by chemical reactions etc. In such an environment if wires are used for the transfer of electricity if required, it is highly inefficient and at times dangerous, so in such cases only the wireless transfer of electricity is possible, the methods of inductive coupling and resonance inductive coupling proves to be efficient because the hazardous environment or the high temperature does not affect the transfer of energy wirelessly. Far-field energy transfer Solar power satellites In this era of growing need of energy, our mother earth with all its resources may not be able to supply enough energy for the utilization for mankind, besides the energy earned from coal, oil etc are causing pollution besides this, these non renewable sources of energy. So in order to satisfy human needs one of the latest technologies for energy harvesting is the solar power satellites. These are machineries working on the basis of the microwave and laser power transmission methods. These helps to efficiently make use of the solar energy, and are placed in geostationary orbits for the efficient working. Solar energy is captured using the solar cells on the satellite; where in 400 million photocells are present in each solar power satellite. The energy is converted to microwaves or laser and transmitted to the earth and received at the earth station using the rectenna or photovoltaic cell converts it into electrical energy. The efficiency of the microwave system is more than 95% usually, but for the laser power transfer system the efficiency is around 40% to 50%. The diagram in the fig() shows the working of the solar power satellite and how it transfers power from the supply terminal to the receiver terminal by microwave method of power transfer. This is also called BEAMING DOWN process. Energy to remote areas In remote location that is places that cannot be accessed easily by people, the transfer of energy by using grids are considered to be waste of money, time and energy. In such cases the transfer of energy through wireless media is only possible. Certain factories which produce hazardous wastes, confidential or secret services offices and plants of nations etc are sometimes located in remote locations are the examples. There are villages to be supplied with electricity located in remote locations government of nations are planning and implementing far-field techniques of power transfer to meet these tasks. Energy broadcasting globally The concept of energy broadcasting globally had bought in nations to work together in projects dealing with more efficiently trapping of solar energy to power up their resources. As solar energy is renewable source and available in plenty the only step left behind is more efficient way of trapping the solar energy. The achievement of this would certainly result in reducing the crisis of energy, and to broadcast the energy globally. One of the famous projects undertaken is based on Kalams (former Indian president) vision which calls in the program for space-farming to contribute substantially for the global energy broadcasting. One such proposal is Pan African e- network. Projects established on the basis of wireless power transfer. Wi-Tricity This was a project done in Massachusetts Institute of Technology on wireless transfer of energy based on the resonance inductive coupling method. The team was led by Marin Soljacic. The team was able to transfer energy wirelessly for a distance of 2m. The coils used for the experiment was helical in shape and they never used any capacitor in the experiment. The energy received at the receiving terminal was almost 40% of the total input power from the supply. The frequencies used for the transmission of power were 1MHz and 10MHz. The field strengths were safer at 1 MHz frequency for the human environment. The usage of 10MHz frequency, created fields of strength above the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) standards. Rectenna in US The rectenna build in USA worked on the microwave method of wireless energy transfer. The rectenna which was spread over one and half mile in was diameter was able to generate electric power of 5000MW. The range of frequency of microwave used is compactable to the ICNIRP standards. Alaska 21 WPT can be used for supplying power to rural areas. Alaska 21 project was presented in the year 1993, for supplying power to villages in Alaska. The other sources of energy were not possible to be used because of the limited infrastructure. The price estimate of $40/kWh was done for energy produced by other sources, which is too high to accommodate. Even cabling to this area was not possible due to extremes of climatic conditions. So a pilot project was conducted which was passed on WPT, not only to supply energy but also to avoid pollution. The system consisted of 2.45 GHz design array and could bridge around 1 to 15 miles. Present status is unknown. Grand Basin project This project aims in supplying electricity to an isolated mountain village in the remote area of the La Reunion Island. This project was developed for making Grand Basin to a tourist village. The project was given complete support by CNES, which is the French space centre. WPT was used as the underlying basis of the project. Planning to build a microwave link which operates at 2.45GHz frequency working over a distance of 700 meters delivers 10kW and had an efficiency of 57%. The whole system worked in combination with the photovoltaic panels and the batteries. Capital of 1 million dollars for 10 kW was proposed and the project was put down. WPT Demonstration in Hawaii In the year 2008 on moth of May a demonstration based on WPT was held on the islands of Hawaii. The demonstration was organized by one of the US based companies named Managed Energy Technologies. They were able to demonstrate wireless power transfer up to a distance of 148 km. They were only able to transfer 20 watts of power, which would barely light a fluorescent lamp, because most of the energy were lost during the time of transmission. The limitation of this demonstration was not the science but the capital involved. This project involved less than a million dollar. If the company could have afforded more number of solar panels and more phased transmitter array and receivers more than 60% of efficiency could have been acquired. Munich electronica exploration The Munich ELECTRONICA exhibition organized by the automotive, embedded, electronica and the ZEVI forums in the month of November from 9th to 12th in Germany was a real trade off for the electronics products. There were 2595 companies participating in the exchange and almost 70000 visitors took part in the exhibition. The exhibition is being conducted every two years alternatively to the Productronica. There were participation of various companies dealing with different types of electronic goods like the displays, connectors and interconnects, semiconductors, automotive, sensors, passive components, assemblies and sub-systems, wireless, embedded systems, power supplies, test and measurement etc. It is one of the best places where we come to know about different technologies, products and even test the new product to confirm our expectation. The fair also is business area where companies come for advertising and selling their products. I was able to visit stalls of 37 companies dealin g with power supply devices and gathered informations which I was able to present on the topic wireless transfer of power. Certain companies were doing research works on this topic but were not able to introduce their products because certain defects were yet to be cleared before manufacturing. Companies visited RRC Solutions The company was established in the year 1989, with the excellent management has become one of the leading companies in the supplier of power supplies and battery chargers. It has a good platform for the professional applications in medical, industrial, military and consumer products. The company has good wealth of expertise engineers creating new and innovative ideas. The company has its branches in various locations of the world with its headquarters in south west Germany. Its branches are located in USA, Japan, China, Hong Kong etc The companys products involve battery chargers, power supplies, integrated system solutions, products

Tzar Nicholas II - Downfall of Russia :: Russian Russia History

Tzar Nicholas II - Downfall of Russia It was Tzar Nicholas 2 political naivete and extreme obstinance that led to the downfall of the Russia Certain aspects of Tsar Nicholas 2's behaviour definitely contributed to bringing about the fall of the Russian Empire, however most of these qualities were not weaknesses in character as such, they were qualities we would associate with poor leadership. When we say 'weakness in character' we mean being easily influenced/controlled by others. Nicholas himself was a firm believer in autocracy; he was virtually unmovable in this belief. And this obstinant belief clearly illustrates he stuck to his beliefs, although in his early years as tsar his uncles had huge influence. That said, the fall of the Russian Empire was not all a result of Nicholas' character and poor leadership qualities, we must also see that the huge socio-economic changes happening as well as the outbreak WW1 hugely influenced the coming about of and the timing of the revolution. These changes would be hard for any government to manage. Nicholas 2's firm and obstinant belief of his commitment to autocracy can be clearly seen in a letter of reply he sent to a liberal zemstvo head before his coronation. "I shall maintain the principal of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father (Alexandra 3)"(Nicholas & Alexandra, Robert K. Massie). His ultra-conservative political outlook was influenced greatly when a child Tsar Nicholas was educated by the reactionary tutor Konstantin Pobenonstev, enemy of all reform. If there were any doubts about Nicholas' belief in autocracy they would have been put to rest. Pobenonstev was once called "The Highest Priest of Social Stagnation". He once declared, "Among the falsest of political principles is the principle of sovereignty of the people". In his early manhood Nicholas lived the life of an idle socialite uninterested in the affairs of state, he found government meetings 'boring' and uninteresting. As he had never taken a liking to political affairs he was underprepared to take the throne, this fact along -with his stubborn belief in autocracy- also goes a long way to explain his political naivete in many of the difficult situations he faced. Was this unwillingness to face the political realities due to him being blinded be his obstinate belief in autocracy or was it just that he was politically naà ¯ve? Throughout his rule as discontent rose Nicholas still believed that he still had the support of all his people save for a couple of 'undesirables'.

Acquisition of a new piece of equipment for coca-cola

Coco-Cola has plans of acquiring a new piece of equipment. The company is likely to get funding problems under the following scenarios Risk Coca Cola would run a financial risk problem depending on which source of finance they contemplate to use in financing this new project. A firm either utilizes its internally generated resources or borrows from outside. However, the internal sources especially the retained earnings may be insufficient compelling Coca Cola to borrow by issuing either debentures or preference shares. Such external sources of finance give rise to fixed interest charges, lead to financial riskness that may force Coca Cola to be bankrupt. (Bower, 1990) Cost This new project is a capital investment and by their nature, capital investments involve high initial cash outleys. (www.teachmefinance.com/capitalbudgeting.html).   In addition to the initial cost, Coca- Cola would also incur huge incidental costs related with the installing of this new equipment these include labor and carriage costs. More other funds would be incurred in employee training   on its usage . Coca Cola however would have to look into ways and means of getting   additional funds which are essential in   meeting   these costs. Politics Some board members of the decision-making organ of Coca Cola may not be comfortable with this investment plan and therefore may not pass it. The end result of this decision would be that the funds may be channeled to other projects. This is because Capital projects by their nature, need prioritization be done since there may be   insufficient funds of   financing   all the   viable projects that the company might have passed. Economical Factors The budgeted funds to fund this new project might be insufficient due to government changes on the taxation policies and any other legislation that may be inherent within the government system. Cost and benefit estimates It is estimated that the new equipment would generate the following after-tax cashflows: Year  Ã‚  Ã‚     before tax cash flows 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (10,000) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1000 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2500 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3000 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4000 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7000 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7000 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5000 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4500 [email  protected]% Net cash flows 16,800 The initial investment is $10000 (www. Swlearning.com/finances/students/capitalbgt.htm) REFERENCES Joseph L Bower, Managing the Resource Allocation Process, Harvard Business School Press, 1990.

Drivers Ed

Copy and paste the questions into the student comments section. Read the questions thoroughly. Answer the questions in a full and complete manner. Use complete sentences, including proper spelling and grammar. When you are ready to turn in your assignment, add a check mark to the Submit for Grading box and then select Submit. Module 3: Natural Forces Affecting the Driver Vocabulary: Please define six (6) of the following terms in your own words. Please do not just copy and paste the definition. 1.Gravity- Heaviness or weight. 2. Inertia- Inertness, especially with regard to effort, motion, action, and like ; inactivity; sluggishness. 3. Potential Energy- The energy of a body according to the position of the body 4. Kinetic Energy- The energy of a body according to the motion of the body or of the particles in the system. 5. Friction- Surface resistance to relative motion, as of a body sliding or rolling. 6. Traction- The adhesive friction of a body on some surface, as a wheel on a rail or a tire on a road. 7.Centrifugal Force- An outward force on a body rotating about an axis, assumed equal and opposite to the centripetal force and postulated to account for the phenomena seen by an observer in the rotating body. 8. Centripetal Force- The force, acting upon a body moving along a curved path, that is directed toward the center of curvature of the path and constrains the body to the path. 9. Deceleration 10. Force of impact- Module 4: Signs, Signals & Pavement Markings 1. Explain the purpose of the followingA. The difference between solid and broken lines is:B.Yellow lines (broken or solid) indicate what type of traffic flow:C. White lines (broken or solid) indicate what type of traffic flow:2. Observe and describe the different signs in YOUR city. Give specific examples of each (include color, shape, what the sign is for, etc. ).A. A regulatory sign:B. A motorist services sign:C. A recreational sign:D. A sign that you know what it means because of its shape:*If each of the above signs do not appear in your town then describe any 3 different types you see in your community. 3. Explain 3 interesting or important facts from Module 3 and 4. A. B. C.

Word Choice Nauseous, Nauseated, or Nauseating - Proofed

Word Choice Nauseous, Nauseated, or Nauseating - Proofed Word Choice: Nauseous, Nauseated, or Nauseating? Do grammatical errors make you feel sick? If so, are you feeling â€Å"nauseous† or â€Å"nauseated†? These words cause a lot of strife among grammarians, so we thought we would clear up some of the controversies by looking at three terms in detail: â€Å"nauseous,† â€Å"nauseated† and â€Å"nauseating.† Time to take your grammatical medicine! Nauseous (Causing Nausea or Feeling Sick) â€Å"Nauseous† is an adjective with two distinct meanings in modern English: Causing nausea or disgust nausea or disgust Feeling sick or disgusted The traditional meaning of â€Å"nauseous† is the first definition above. For example, we might say: The rotting meat gave off a nauseous smell. Here, â€Å"nauseous† implies that the smell of the meat is disgusting. Some (pedantic) people will insist that this first definition is the only â€Å"correct† use of this term. However, in practice, the second definition is widely used as well. As such, we could also say: The smell of the rotting meat made me nauseous. In this case, â€Å"nauseous† describes the feeling of nausea. This is, in fact, the most common meaning of this term in modern English and almost always how it is used in everyday language. Nauseated (Feeling Sick or Disgusted) The traditional word for feeling sick or disgusted is â€Å"nauseated.† This makes it like the second sense of â€Å"nauseous† above, so we would use it as follows: His disgusting habits left me nauseated. This term is actually the simple past tense of the verb â€Å"nauseate,† which means â€Å"to cause nausea.† Nauseating (Causing Nausea) Another variation of this term is the adjective â€Å"nauseating,† which means â€Å"causing nausea or disgust.† It is therefore used in the same way as the first definition of â€Å"nauseous† above. For instance: I find violent movies nauseating. The adverbial form of this word is â€Å"nauseatingly,† which is used when describing an action. Nauseous, Nauseated or Nauseating? So, with all of these overlapping meanings, how do you avoid errors when using these terms? Most of the time, using either â€Å"nauseous† or â€Å"nauseated† to mean â€Å"feeling sick or disgusted† is fine. You can then use â€Å"nauseating† to describe something that causes nausea or disgust, since this term only has one meaning. However, some still prefer to use the old-fashioned meaning of â€Å"nauseous,† especially in formal medical writing. Keep in mind, then, that it may specifically mean â€Å"causing nausea† in some cases. Nauseous = Causing nausea or feeling sick Nauseated = Feeling sick or disgusted Nauseating = Causing nausea

Two Distinctive Leaders - Gandhi and Hitler essays

Two Distinctive Leaders - Gandhi and Hitler essays At first glance, the similarities between these two men may not be evident, but surely the differences are quite obvious. Professionally, both Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler were political leaders of high caliber, one being the leader of the Nazi Movement before and during World War II and the other being the political/social leader of the people of India during the time when the country was under the control of the British Empire. And like most leaders, both Gandhi and Hitler were highly admired and often imitated by those who either knew them personally or were part of their environment. Both men also changed forever the very face and character of their individual countries, with Gandhi initiating and leading the movement to force Great Britain from the control and manipulation of India which eventually led to complete independence, and Hitler as the supreme master of the Nazi Movement and instigator of some of the most atrocious crimes against humanity ever recorded in world his tory. It is also a fact that both men were highly driven by their individual personalities to achieve certain goals that would in effect influence the political and social environments of the entire world. Much like Hitler, Gandhi has "out-soared immortality as no other human being (and) his social impact has been unequaled" (Fischer, 67). And also like Hitler, "what was the secret of his spell upon his country and people'" (Clement, 78). With Gandhi, descriptions such as "Hindu saint" and "father of his country" are empty and misleading, and if one was to pin a label upon him, it would surely suggest that he was one of the key public figures of the 20th century as a manipulative idealist, or a person who reshaped society for good or ill. Of course, leadership is a prime ingredient for both of these men, and a list of traits which outstanding leaders tend to possess would aptly describe their characters, behaviors and beliefs. ...

ACT What To Do

Are You Smart But Scoring Low on the SAT/ACT What To Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a high achieving student who’s used to getting good grades in school?Were you expecting a similarly high standardized test score and were disappointed whenyou got your scores back? I have two pieces of good news: 1. You are not alone; this problem is a lot more common than you probably think. 2. There are ways to improve your test taking skills and raise your score.This guide will go over the most common reasons smart students get low scores on standardized tests and give step-by-step guidelines for solving the problem. Why Do Smart People Not Always Score Well on Standardized Tests? Getting good grades in schooldoes not automatically translate to doing well on standardized exams because these exams are often quite different from tests you take in school.Unlike most school exams, standardized tests: Cover multiple subjects. Unlike just studying for a math test in high school, standardized tests cover math, literature, writing, and science all in one test. This means that you have to study a much wider variety of subjects than you would for a typical school exam, which can be challengingand time-consuming. Are divided into strictly timed sections. This makes standardized tests more difficult because you need to work through the questions faster and often don't have as much time to check your work. Often include misleading questions and answer choices. Most tests you take in school are fairly straight-forward, but standardized tests often include trick questions or answers, which means that even if you know the material, you can still get fooled and end up choosing the wrong answer. There is also typically a lot more pressure to do well on a standardized exam than there is to do well on any single test you take in school because ACT and SAT scores are an important part of college applications. There is no one reason why smart students sometimes get low scores on standardized tests.Below are five scenarios that cover nearly all the reasons top students may not be getting the scores they want on the ACT or SAT.For each scenario, the underlying problem is explained, and steps are provided to help solve the problem and avoid it in the future. Scenario 1: Studying the Wrong Way This May Be You If: You prepared for the exam, had enough time to answer all the questions, and didn’t feel overly anxious, but still got a lower score than expected. It’s possible, and even fairly common, for you to put in a significant amount of time studying for a standardized test and still not get the score you want. If this is the case for you, and you’ve ruled out the other scenarios as possibilities, then you may need to change the way to study for the test.Even if you are a star math student at school, that doesn't automatically translate to getting a high score on the math section of a standardized test because standardized tests are longer, cover more material, and can ask questions in ways that seem confusing or misleading.This means that your methods of studying for your classes at school may not get you the score you want on a standardized test. How to Solve: If you're studying for a standardized test the same way you study for a test at school and it isn't getting you the results you want, then you need to change your study methods. Unlike school exams, for standardized tests you need to know not onlywhat topics they'll test you on, buthowthey'll test you on those subjects, which means you need to become familiar with standardized test questions and how they are worded. The best way to do this is to answera lot of practice questionsand get used to the way questions are asked. Take officialSAT practice testsor ACT practice tests to have the highest quality and most realistic practice questions. You should also review each of the questions you answered incorrectly or guessed on and learn what mistake you made. Reviewing your answers also lets you see which subjects you need to spend the most time studying so you can get high scores across the test. Check out our guide on the best way to review missed questions on the SAT or ACT.We also have a wealth of resources that cover all aspects of SAT preparation and ACT study tips. If you've been studying on your own and not getting the results you want, you may also want to consider hiring a tutor or using an online resource such as PrepScholar. A tutor may be able to help if you're having difficulty studying on your own. (Tulane Public Relations/Flickr) Scenario 2: Didn’t Study Enough/Overconfident This May Be You If: You took the test without any or a lot of preparation because you didn’t think you needed to practice. You may be used to acing tests and papers in school without ever needing to study beforehand.This attitude is common among high-achieving students, and many expect to do just as well when they take a standardized test. However, standardized tests are a special breed of exam andfor students who don’t have a lot of practice with them, they may not be used to the types of questions being asked.Test makers also make some questions and answer choices deliberately tricky and misleading, and if you aren’t used to that style of exam, you may be falling for their tricks and selecting the wrong answer choices. How to Solve: Practice! Set up a study schedule for yourself so you're better prepared for the next time you take the test.To get you started, check out our guides onhow long you should study for the SATandhow long you should study for the ACT. You should also take3-4practice tests to get used to the types of questions these tests ask and how they ask them. For every question you answered incorrectly, look it over to see what you did wrong and how you canavoid making the same mistake in the future. Scenario 3: Over-Thinking the Questions This May Be You If: You spend a lot of time going back-and-forth between answer choices and struggle to pick the correct option. There are specific answer options on these tests designed to look almost like the right answer, and you may think they could be the right answer if you argue their case enough.In school, you may be able to support your answer with a strong enough argument to get it accepted by the teacher, but this doesn’t work with standardized tests.For these tests, test makers are only interested in the rightanswer, not an almost-right answer. This problem is particularly common on inference questions for ACT and SAT reading sections. In class, you may be able to infer something from other things you’ve readoryour own life experiences, but on a standardized test, every correct reading answer will be supported by the text, even inference questions. This confusion can also happen on other test questions, such as second-guessing yourself on sentence completions, making easy math questions more difficult than they need to be, or assuming there must be an error on every writing question. How to Solve: Remember that each question on a standardized test has only one correct answer, and every other option is unambiguously wrong. For reading questions, evenif you feel that a certain answer choice is better, if you don’t see any evidence inthe text supporting it, then it isn’t the correct answer. You should be able to point to a line or passage in the text to support every answer you choose. For all test questions, ifan answer choice is even the slightest bit incorrect, then it is not the correct answer. Move on to other answer choices and don’t let yourself waste time by trying to convince yourself that it’s correct.Read our guides specifically on inference questions for reading sections of the ACT and SAT. We also discuss how to choose correct answersfor other SAT questions and ACT questions. Don't overthink standardized test questions. Scenario 4: Anxious Test-Taker This May Be You If: You felt confident and prepared before the test, but once you start taking the exam, you get nervous and second-guess yourself. Sometimes you know all the information and tricks, but when it’s test time, you psych yourself out and let your nerves get the better of you.It’s easy to put a lot of pressure on yourself when you take a standardized test becauseit can be very important for your future. Overachieving students can be particularly susceptible to this problem because they feel like they have to get a top score in order to get into the best colleges.Feeling stressed or anxious while taking the test can cause you to make silly mistakes and forget information and strategies you’ve learned. How to Solve: The best way to combat this problem is to take a lot of practice testsandmake the conditions as real to the actual test as possible. We have guidesto help you take practiceSATs and ACTs under the most realistic test conditions. The more familiar something is, the less anxiety it will cause.If you are not yet a senior and feel that you may have a problem with test anxiety, consider taking the PSAT or ACT Aspire. Both of these tests are very similar to the SAT and ACT, respectively, and they will give you a low-risk way to become more familiar with standardized tests. Also remind yourself that your standardized test score is only onepart of your college application, and you are free to take a standardized test more than once.Check out our guide tomanaging SAT anxiety (you can use these same skills for the ACT). Scenario 5: Poor Time Management This May Be You If: You know how to answer the questions, but repeatedly run out of time on exam sections. I struggled with thisproblem for a long time. To prepare for the SAT, I had studied, knew the types of questions I’d be asked, and was ready for their tricks, but I was constantly running out of time.Standardized tests usually cram a lot of questions into a short amount of time, and manystudents have trouble answering all the questions before time runs out. This can be especially difficult if, like me, you’re somewhat of a perfectionist and like to make sure of each answer and double-check everything.I was used to having enough time to finish exams at school, and the time crunch on standardized tests threw me for awhile. How to Solve: The best way to solve this problem is to take a lot of timed practice tests. You’ll get more used to the types of questions that are asked, which means you’ll be able to answer them more quickly. When you take practice tests, make sure you give yourself exactly the same amount of time you’d have for each section on the real test, so that you know how much you need to work on your time management. You should also stop yourself from spendinga lot of time trying to solvea singletest question. Our general rule is that if you’ve spent more than 30 seconds on a question and still have no idea how to solve it, skip it and move on. You can always come back to it if you have more time at the end. We also have more in-depth guides that cover how to stop running out of time on SAT reading and SAT math, as well as for ACT Reading and ACT Math. Keep track of your time while taking a standardized exam. Which Scenario Applies to You? Now that you know the different reasons whysmart students don't always score well on standardized tests, you can determine which scenarios apply to you and start toovercome them. In order to determine which of the scenarios you fit, first findyour standardized test resultsand look over each of your incorrect answers.For each question you answered incorrectly, ask yourself why you got it wrong,and look at the options below todecidewhich scenario best matches your reason for answering incorrectly. On a sheet of paper, make a column for each of the five scenarios, and marka tally under the corresponding column each time a certain scenario explains why you got a question wrong. In some cases, more than one scenario could be the cause. Scenario 1:You wereconfused by the question's wording, even though you knew the material the question was asking about. Scenario 2: You weren't familiar with the subject the question was asking about. Scenario 3: You struggled to choose between 2 or more answer choices because you couldn't decide which was the right answer. Scenario 4: You knew how to solve the problem but answered incorrectly because you were stressed or anxious. Scenario 5: You didn'thave enough time to answer the question but would have gotten it right if you'd had more time. After you have done this for each incorrect answer, look to see which scenarios had the most tally marks.Review those scenariosand their "How to Solve" sections to learn how to avoid making those same errors in the future. You are now on your way to raising your standardized test scores! What's Next? Are you wondering what a good score for the SAT or a good score for the ACT is? Check out our guides to see how your scores measure up. Are you aiming for a perfect standardized test score?We have guides on how to get a perfect SAT score and perfect ACT score, both written by a perfect scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Customer Service-Gathering Customer Information-discussion Personal Statement

Customer Service-Gathering Customer Information-discussion - Personal Statement Example The form includes information from your name to financials and a number of other questions demonstrating your likes and dislikes. Then there are â€Å"Enquiries and Complaints† where companies keep record of customer enquires which can be about a specific product or service. â€Å"Customer Reward Programs† is another smart technique of getting customer information by offering them tempting rewards like discounts, promotions, cash backs and reward points. Another way of acquiring information is â€Å"Customer Feedback Surveys† which is of one most used method. From ethical point of view, gathering customer’s personal information is wrong to some extent. We should not forget that people do have the right to privacy according to law but if they are deliberately providing their information to the companies then all the blame cannot be imposed on companies. On the company’s part, they should not collect private information to the extent where customer feels insecure and the worst part is that companies who are gathering data just don’t keep it to themselves; it is usually leaked or sold to other companies specifically in the banking sector. At times companies also track your personal life associated to marital and monetary aspects. In my opinion there should be a limit to invade customer’s personal life and also customers should be careful while providing extensive information about themselves for the sake of rewards which might have unforeseen

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Business Law - Essay Example e quoted by the Hard water Co was  £15,000 which was changed to  £10,000 in the terms and conditions defined in Door’s Software and it was signed by the Hard Water Co. Hence it should be accepted by the Hard Water Co. Similarly, the time frame mentioned in the terms and conditions of Hard Water Co was only 3 months which was modified to 5 months in the terms and conditions of Door’s Software and was also acknowledged and signed by the Hard Water Co and hence the final validity of the contract reflects 5 months as the main time frame. At the same time, the price variation clause put by the Hard Water Co was not mentioned in the terms and conditions of Door’s Software and hence it cannot be made liable for its application. As Hard Water Co agreed to the terms and conditions of Doors Software, the price variation cannot be given effect. Moreover, this doesn’t come under Unfair Contract Trade Act of 1977 (UCTA, 1977) and Sale of goods act (1979) and hence it cannot be challenged legally. (1) According to Part II of Sale of goods Act (1979), it was mentioned that any contract of sale of goods is a contract by which the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a money consideration, called the price. It also stated that an agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or the conditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred. Here in this conext, Doors Software didn’t violate the norms of the contract law and hence need not be liable for the price variation. Assuming that software products are goods and referring to the proper statutory instruments, explain whether the software provided by Doors’ Software to Islington District Council was of satisfactory quality. No. The software provided by the Door’s Software to Islington District Council was not of satisfactory quality. It was reflected in the form of disproportionate printing matter when printing instruction was

Library Database Exercise #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Library Database Exercise #4 - Essay Example By using database a person is able to obtain information not freely available on the internet. Secondly, the information obtained via a general search may not authoritative and credible, online websites are sometimes by people who are novice on the subject. Finding credible information is critical in doing research and by using library databases one can always get accurate and reliable information. The information obtained from the library database is from reliable sources such as: academic journals, popular magazines, newspapers, trade journals and scholarly reviewed articles. The information is written by credible authors such as: journalists, researchers, and experts in the particular subject. Thirdly, search engines give millions of results making it hard for people to scan the results and find the exact information needed. However, by using databases one can access thousands of articles and books, charts and images and databases that are focused on the particular topic. Library databases have powerful search tools that enable a person to have more control over the search results. The tools suggest additional keywords for users to use and narrow down the results. Conclusions are that databases have the following advantages: They provide credible information, a person spends less time searching, have powerful search tools, and better

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks - Essay Example Lacks died of cancer but her cells live on. Henrietta Lacks’s story holds great importance because of the fact that there are several ethical issues that raises concern. The ethical issues raised in those times, exist even today in some places; however there are certain legal procedures and laws that lay down guideline for the ethics to be followed by researchers. The first ethical issue that comes to my mind is that of â€Å"confidentiality†. The ethical issue of confidentiality in research means that the identity, privacy and all information about the patient must be treated as highly confidential in nature. The identity of people being used for a particular research or study should never be revealed. It is the researcher’s responsibility to protect the identity. However, in Lack’s case, confidentiality was not maintained. The researchers did not reveal only her name but also revealed her race to the world. In those times, there were no binding laws that called for confidentiality on part of the researchers. Today, it is mandatory for researchers using human tissues to respect the privacy of the subjects and safeguard their identity. One of the most popular to keep things confidential is the use of pseudonymisation or use a code in place of real identification of the human subjects (Kalra et al, 2006) The next ethical issue worth that I would like to discuss is that of â€Å"informed consent†. Human tissues and cells are of great importance to the research world however these tissues and cells need to be procured from people with appropriate consent. People have the right to know how their cells are being used for research. In Henrietta’s case, she was not informed about her doctor’s decision of tumorous cell extraction. She was not even asked for consent. In the 1950’s, issues about informed consent was still in infancy stages, so Dr.Gey was not compelled in any way to ask Henrietta Lacks’s consent for

Human Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Relations - Essay Example Researchers emphasized culture, interpersonal relations, and group coherence as the determinants of worker performance. Before industrial revolution the work was mostly performed by individual workers. Any particular skill was undertaken by an individual and was time consuming. As a result the productivity was low. With the industrial revolution the nature of work and the role of the worker underwent major changes. With the arrival of machines and factories, the production increased. Along with raw materials and capital, labor was also considered a part of the manufacturing process. The employers never considered how productivity was influenced by a worker's mental needs. As a result, motivation, social relations and working conditions were never considered important. Nevertheless it affected productivity in a major way. This movement had many followers like Keith Davis, Chris Argyris, Fred Herzberg, and Rensis Likert who assumed the underlying employee-employer harmony. They attributed restriction of output to the poor communication between workers and managers, and inadequate attention to the human side of worker. Elton Mayo (1880-1949), a Harvard professor trained in psychopathology and other researchers from Harvard University initiated what have become known as the Hawthorne Studies at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company near Chicago. (The Human relations movement (circa 1929-1951))They wanted to study how the changes in physical working conditions affect employee productivity. The study revealed that even when the physical characteristics of the job like salary were declined, and employee complaints ignored, the productivity of the employees was not reduced. On the other hand there was an increase in productivity. This phenomenon was called as Hawthorne effect where the productivity of the employees who participate in the study increases only because of the attention they receive from the researchers. This discovery forms the basis of the human relations movement because it suggests that employees are highly motivated to work better when they feel important and when their work is recognized. Over the years Hawthorne effect has been successfully used by managers to increase productivity. Implementation of "self-study committees, announcing surprise audits, establishing task forces of various kinds, and in general, keeping the workers tied up with busy-work that has the appearance of ongoing research" was undertaken. Mayo stated that the reason workers are motivated by such things is that individuals have a deep psychological need to believe that their organization cares about them, is open, concerned, and willing to listen. (The Human relations movement (circa 1929-1951)) According to mayo there should be a friendly relation between the employers and workers. At the same time the employers should consider the human values first and not the quality of the work. The employees' opinion about their work and working conditions must be taken into consideration. Further any changes in the organization must take into consideration the employees' view. This became a predominant philosophy and many theories sprung up

Component Based Development in Systems Integration Research Paper

Component Based Development in Systems Integration - Research Paper Example Industrial production process has a benefit as it can allow a production of multiplicity of goods in an adequate amount and also quality. Standardization and specialization are two advanced levels of industrialization. This process enables reuse, automation of menial and rote tasks. The creative tasks such as product design which cannot be standardized are performed by highly skilled and competent workers. The industrialization follows a principle of standardization, standardization and systematic reuse, and automation. Software development is a process which is slow as well as expensive in nature. Industrialization helps to increase quality and efficiency and also to reduce cost by the implementation of highly productive and standardized methods. Objective of a software development focuses on areas such as quality, time, quantity, and cost. Therefore, application of industrial methods can help to increase productivity, quality, and complexity of software products and reduce producti on time and cost. Systems integration deals with taking necessary steps to integrate information technology system from a given level of integration to a greater one. It is incorporated by merging distinct entities into a single cohesive entity and including them in an already existing system. The component based development also follows a method of system integration. It was one of the pioneering and first ideas of using industrial principle. Present component based system development is the second key concept related to industrialization. Some of the main component based standards produced in present industrial set up includes Sun’s Java Platform Enterprise Edition (Java EE), Corba Component Model (CCM), and also Microsoft’s Distributed Component Object Model and .NET framework. In present information technology systems a generally accepted and also industrialized production related principle has turned out be necessary. Component based

Human Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Relations - Essay Example Researchers emphasized culture, interpersonal relations, and group coherence as the determinants of worker performance. Before industrial revolution the work was mostly performed by individual workers. Any particular skill was undertaken by an individual and was time consuming. As a result the productivity was low. With the industrial revolution the nature of work and the role of the worker underwent major changes. With the arrival of machines and factories, the production increased. Along with raw materials and capital, labor was also considered a part of the manufacturing process. The employers never considered how productivity was influenced by a worker's mental needs. As a result, motivation, social relations and working conditions were never considered important. Nevertheless it affected productivity in a major way. This movement had many followers like Keith Davis, Chris Argyris, Fred Herzberg, and Rensis Likert who assumed the underlying employee-employer harmony. They attributed restriction of output to the poor communication between workers and managers, and inadequate attention to the human side of worker. Elton Mayo (1880-1949), a Harvard professor trained in psychopathology and other researchers from Harvard University initiated what have become known as the Hawthorne Studies at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company near Chicago. (The Human relations movement (circa 1929-1951))They wanted to study how the changes in physical working conditions affect employee productivity. The study revealed that even when the physical characteristics of the job like salary were declined, and employee complaints ignored, the productivity of the employees was not reduced. On the other hand there was an increase in productivity. This phenomenon was called as Hawthorne effect where the productivity of the employees who participate in the study increases only because of the attention they receive from the researchers. This discovery forms the basis of the human relations movement because it suggests that employees are highly motivated to work better when they feel important and when their work is recognized. Over the years Hawthorne effect has been successfully used by managers to increase productivity. Implementation of "self-study committees, announcing surprise audits, establishing task forces of various kinds, and in general, keeping the workers tied up with busy-work that has the appearance of ongoing research" was undertaken. Mayo stated that the reason workers are motivated by such things is that individuals have a deep psychological need to believe that their organization cares about them, is open, concerned, and willing to listen. (The Human relations movement (circa 1929-1951)) According to mayo there should be a friendly relation between the employers and workers. At the same time the employers should consider the human values first and not the quality of the work. The employees' opinion about their work and working conditions must be taken into consideration. Further any changes in the organization must take into consideration the employees' view. This became a predominant philosophy and many theories sprung up

What were the main effects of the 1979-1997 Conservative governments Essay Example for Free

What were the main effects of the 1979-1997 Conservative governments Essay What were the main effects of the 1979-1997 Conservative governments reforms to collective labour law and what distinguishes the approach taken by the current Labour administration? In order to answer this question collective labour law must be explained and defined so the effects of each government can be focussed in the appropriate area. This essay will then move on to examine the situation prior to 1979 so as to assess the extent of the Conservative administrations impact of collective labour law at that time, a type of before and after measurement. Having done this, the emphasis will switch to examining Thatcherite and Conservative ideology hoping therefore to explain the mechanics of the legislation that the Tories then introduced. Its effects will then be assessed. After this point this essay will turn its attention to Labour Party ideology, in order to use it as a means of putting into context the legislation which the party has introduced, this will then be assessed in greater detail. The link between New Labours administration and the European influence will also be examined at this point in the essay, and how this has impacted on British collective labour law. A summary will then be given and all conclusions will be drawn together in order to answer the set question. Brown (1993) said, It is generally more useful to use the term [collective labour law] to cover a broader set of joint regulatory behaviour, whereby employers deliberately permit representatives of employee collectives to be involved in the management of the employment relationship. This generally means that employers choose to liase with union representatives to discuss the manner in which the company is run and debate issues affecting its employees. Collective labour law is the legislation outlined by the government that regulates this area of bargaining and discussion, including union regulation, recognition, membership, organisation and industrial action (of all kinds). The Labour Party, formed in 1893, has its roots firmly in the industrialisation era. It is traditionally working class in membership. Jon Monks (cited in Salamon pg104) said that Labour and the trade unions had shared values: primacy of collective bargaining, expansion of the welfare state and state intervention to promote economic growth and employment. The Labour Party was elected to power in 1974. Though as New Labour the party has now adopted The Third Way at that time, it still supported the Corporatist ideology, part of which meant supporting the trade unions and collective bargaining. During this time, trade unions accounted for ninety per-cent of party membership, [provided the party with] eighty per-cent of its annual income [and] sponsored fifty per-cent of its MPs (Salamon pg105). The Employment Protection Act of 1975 (and Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act of 1978 encouraged trade union membership and activities as well as legislated so that statutory time off had to be given in order to enable union officials to complete their union duties. The act also facilitated trade union recognition by employers (under section 11 of the EPA 1975) with the instigation of a set union recognition procedure involving ACAS (Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service), and obliged employers to consult and share information with unions regarding organisational changes and matters directly affecting employees. However in an effort to protect all employees, not just union members, the act also provided legal procedures for extending the terms and conditions of the employment contract where major unions were not recognised and could not bargain on behalf of the employees. The legislation from that particular Labour administration also promoted conciliation, arbitration and employees participation (in the bargaining process). The act also tried to regulate incomes with the setting up of 26 regional wages councils to standardise incomes and set recommended minimum wage levels. In 1980 trade union membership in the following unions was; Transport and General Workers Union, 1887000, the Amalgamated Engineering Union, 1166000 and the General Municipal Boilermakers Union stood at 916000. In 1979 total union membership stood at 13447000 with a union density of 55. 4% (Bain Pierce 1983). It can be seen from the above that the Labour administration of 1974-1979 was one of support for trade unions, collective bargaining and collective labour law. Membership of trade unions was, it can now be see, at an all time high. However, all this was to change once the Conservatives came to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979. According to Farnham, (1999, p215) [the change in State policy] had considerable implications for public policy on employee relations, which shifted from one focused on voluntary collective bargaining in conditions of full employment and strong trade unions (with attempts at bargained corporatism through social contracts) to neo-laissez-faire. Thatcherite and Tory ideology was indeed one of laissez-faire, liberalist (neo-unitarist) foundations. It was a kind of economical Darwinism, survival of the fittest. Mrs Thatcher is famous for having apparently said that there is no such thing as society. For this reason it is not possible to legislate for the benefit of it, only for individuals. According to Salamon (2000: p292) the Conservative government aimed to redress the perceived power imbalance in favour of trade unions and allow management to re-exert its prerogative which was to promote responsible trade unionism, to protect individual members against union tyranny and to promote employment opportunities and labour flexibility through de-regulating employment. It can be seen from this statement that the Conservative government very much believed in the individuals right not to join a trade union, and to give back control (it having been removed by the unions ability to strike without notice) of industries to the organisations themselves. Blyton and Turnbull (1994 p155) describe Mrs Thatchers opinion as being that the nationalised industries which should have virtue on their side were hopelessly distorted and confined by state control and the absence of market competition. The unions, who were beneficiaries of these monopolies were accomplices to the most scandalous inefficiencies and had to be stripped of power. This philosophy could perhaps explain the reason why the Conservatives chose to introduce eight acts of legislation affecting the unions within thirteen years. These acts covered three main points. They restricted the scope of lawful industrial action thereby reducing trade union power. They established rights to disorganise (Lewis cited in Salamon p107) by establishing non-membership rights thereby undermining the maintenance of collective relations. The final point is that the legislation intervened in the internal affairs of trade unions by promoting a representational democratic model, thereby reducing the influence of activists in union decision making. The acts themselves are listed as follows: The Employment Act 1980; this reduced employment rights under unfair dismissal and reduced in instances in which dismissal could be classed as unfair. It also placed restrictions on closed shops (where all employees must be union members) in that an employee could work in a closed shop but not be a member on the grounds of strongly held political convictions. New closed shops now needed 80% of its work force to be in agreement or 85% of all those voting in order to make their place of work a closed shop. A right to be re-instated after maternity leave was introduced, the trade union recognition procedure was repealed, a code of conduct regarding picketing was established and secondary picketing (picketing away from the site of the dispute) was outlawed. Secondary and sympathetic (workers in differing industries striking in support of other workers) strikes had restrictions placed on them. The grounds for refusal to join a trade union were extended. The Employment Act 1982; this reinforced many points from the previous act including the restrictions on closed shops, and protection and compensation payments for non-members. Ballots on closed shops had to be taken in all existing arrangements across the UK, and union labour only commercial contracts became illegal. The act made it legal to selectively dismiss striking employees and redefined trade dispute in that political strikes became illegal. The act also removed trade union immunities from the civil courts (which affected strike action). The Trade Union Act 1984; this act concerned itself with the internal affairs of the trade unions. It stated that ballots had to be held every five years to elect officials to the unions National Executive Committees, secret ballots had to be held before industrial action took place (and not more that four weeks before the action was to take place). Ballots also had to be taken to establish who the union was to give its political funding and this had to be reaffirmed every ten years. The act also redefined political objects on which the unions political fund could be spent. The Wages Act 1986; after this act the wages councils (of which there were twenty six) were only allowed to specify a single minimum wage rate of pay and a single overtime rate which applied to every worker regardless of skill. Workers under twenty one were no longer covered by this wage protection. The Sex Discrimination Act 1986; this removed the exemption that the small firms (five or less employees) had from the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975. The Employment Act 1988; under this act a union must hold separate ballots for industrial action if those who are likely to take part in such action have different places of work. Ballot papers must ask whether the member is prepared to take strike action or action short of a strike. Members were given the right not to be unjustifiably disciplined by their union, and a new commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members was appointed. The Employment Act 1990; when this act was passed pre-entry closed shops became illegal, unions became vicariously liable if any of its officials called for strike action without following the proper procedures, employers were given greater freedom to dismiss any employee taking unofficial strike action, and further restrictions were placed on secondary action. Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993; under this act employees were given the right to decide which union they joined. Postal ballots had to take place now before any strike could occur, and unions had to provide employers with at least seven days notice before any strike action could take place. The twenty-six wage councils were abolished and ACAS requirement to encourage collective bargaining was removed. At the end of the Conservative run of administration (finally finishing with John Major as Prime Minister in 1997) it is evident that the legislation very much followed the Conservative ideology of individualism, legislating for the individual and stripping collectives of their powers, as evidenced by the following figures. In 1990 the Transport and General Workers Union membership stood at 1224000, the Amalgamated Engineering Union at 702000 and the General Municipal Boilermakers Union membership stood at 865000. In 1978 the total number of working days lost that year was 9405000 but in 1995 that number was just 415000. From this can be seen the total effect that the Tories had on collective labour law and bargaining. Blyton and Turnbull (1998 p263) said, Throughout the 1980s the Thatcher government had made a virtue out of standing firm. The Conservatives had actively discouraged collective bargaining and hindered the trade unions as much as possible, so much so that union membership had dwindled to the figures in the previous paragraph. In 1997 trade union membership stood at 7154000 employees, a massive drop of 6293000 from that of 1979, and a union density of 30. 2%, again a big drop of 25. 2%. The effects of the Conservative era of power can clearly be seen here. When John Major and his party were defeated, the unions were virtually powerless, with their membership drastically reduced. Labour is traditionally the party of the trade unions as has previously been discussed. However, since the birth of New Labour things have changed considerably. In the 1980s Labour became concerned by their apparent unelectability so its leaders reformed and modernised the party image, which included loosening the link between themselves and the trade unions, even incorporating a Business Manifesto for their 1997 election campaign. At this time the party also adopted The Third Way. This replaced the previous Corporatist ideology behind the party. The Third Way is a middle ground between the traditional socialist views of the old left wing party and the right-wing views held by the Conservatives. The result of the image overhaul and change in strategy is that the trade unions became part of a coalition supporting Labour, but not the senior partners as of old (Salamon: 2000). Accordingly the New Labour Party focuses much more on the fact that labour flexibility has become an increasingly important issue for government strategies which are aimed at improving economic competitiveness and reducing unemployment (Salamon pg 282). Unconditional labour market de-regulation could have a detrimental effect on socially desirable employment policies such as social benefits, training, employee protection legislation and even the national minimum wage. Labours employment strategy [now] emphasises inclusion, social partnership and fairness at work (but without special favours towards trade unions) (Salamon pg 292) It has re-introduced the statutory union recognition procedure, introduced a national minimum wage and has signed up to the Social Chapter (European Union legislation). Metcalf (who is a member of the Low-Pay Commission) believes that the commission is an exemplar of social partnership which rehabilitated the unions and employees into a process that contrasts sharply with the there is no such thing as society' confrontational Thatcher era. (Salamon pg293) For this reason since New Labour came to power in 1997 the government has heavily legislated in many areas, and employment has not been excluded from this. One act in particular has directly impacted on Collect Labour Law, which is:- The Employment Relations Act 1999. This act effects trade union recognition and de-recognition (bringing back in the standard procedures), access to workers when industrial action is being considered and ballots are taking place. It also affects ballot procedure. The time between ballot result allowing action to take place has doubled from twenty-eight days to two months. Unfair dismissal is also affected as workers can no longer be dismissed for lawful industrial action. Finally, union membership rights were changed slightly in that the act states people can not be refused employment because of their trade union affiliations. Everyone has the right to belong to a trade union and the right not to be excluded from one. Along with this element of the act is a section dictating that compiling a blacklist of union members by employers is also illegal. This act strengthened the trade union and employee position, but it could also be argued that it is not a great overhaul of the law given the Labour Partys legislative history during previous administrations. Labour could be seen to be attempting to pacify the unions whilst trying not to alienate big business. The remaining major issue to be considered in this area of the essay is Europes influence on Collective Labour Law and the government in the United Kingdom. Once Labour formed the government in 1997 the Conservative decision to opt out of the Social dimension of the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 was reversed under the treaty of Amsterdam 1997 and in so signing, Labour consented to the treaty and all its terms. Maastricht (1992) could be considered as the Constitution of the European labour Market. It dealt principally with issues of fair remuneration, a national minimum wage, improvement in working conditions, unions rights and development of the employees rights to consultation and information. There were three immediate effects (in the form of European Directives handed down by the European Commission) when the UK joined the treaty. The European Works Council Directive, Parental Leave Directive and the directive covering the burden of proof in Sex Discrimination cases. The only directive to have any direct impact on collective labour law was the European Works Council Directive. This was aimed at large multinational firms and ensured proper communication between employee representatives (such as shop stewards) and management. The Working Time Directive is one further outcome of the agreement to the Social Chapter. The basic rights and protections that the Regulations provide are a limit of an average of 48 hours a week which a worker can be required to work (though workers can choose to work more if they want to), a limit of an average of 8 hours work in 24 which night workers can be required to work, a right for night workers to receive free health assessments. a right to 11 hours rest a day, a right to a day off each week, a right to an in-work rest break if the working day is longer than six hours and a right to four weeks paid leave per year. As can be seen from the above legislation Labour has not acted according to their ideological heritage, preferring instead to develop greater support for market competition, deregulation and privatisation. The party more strongly believes in the Stakeholder Economy, Welfare to Work, Social Partnership and Fairness at Work (Salamon pg21) principals and schemes. Most of the legislation is concerned with individual rights at work and not at all with collective labour law or collective bargaining. To a certain degree Labour now has little control regarding employment legislation as it is handed down to the government by Europe. However, it was New Labours choice to sign the treaty and harmonise the United Kingdom with the other member states and so must accept and implement all directives that are issued. The effects of the previously mentioned legislation can be seen in the following figures. In 1999 trade union membership in the following unions was; Transport and General Workers Union, 881625, the Amalgamated Engineering Union, 717874 and the General Municipal Boilermakers Union stood at 712010. Whilst the TGWU and GMBU show a decline in membership (and so in the powers of collective bargaining), the comparison is in fact to 1990 when the Conservatives still had another five years in power, membership has actually slightly increased since 1997 In 1999 trade union membership stood at a combined total of 7801315 employees, an increase from 1997 (when New Labour came to power) of 647315. The number of working days lost due to industrial action also dropped in 1999 to 266400 from 415000 in 1999, a drop of 148600 (all above figures from Salmon pg113). So as can be seen above the actions of both parties during their respective administrations have had a profound effect on collective labour law and collective bargaining, with the Tories having most impact. Labour is conspicuous in that it has done comparatively little to over turn the Tory instigated legislation. The actions of both parties can be explained by their ideologies, with Labours changing radically during the last decade. Their approaches have differed in that the Conservatives stripped the unions (which are the primary partners in bargaining and negotiation) of the majority of their rights and were not concerned with how ruthlessly it was done. The individuals rights were improved, but only as a means of weakening union power and increasing the strength of big businesses and employers in accordance with Conservative thinking and strategy. The Tories refused to sign up to the Social Chapter as they believed that employment legislation should come from within the country that is to be affected by it and in joining would lose total legislative control. In contrast to this Labour have signed up to the Social Chapter and tried to make the employment situation better for employees as individuals. This is because according to the third Way which creates a perceived political and cultural ideology within which management, unions and employees have to work (Salmon pg 21) it would benefit both employers and employees. It can be seen from this that both parties have similar outcomes from their legislation (in so much as figures for union membership and days lost in industrial action have only improved in comparatively mediocre terms and figures) though each party has taken a different approach for differing reasons. Bibliography Books Farnham, D. (1997) Employee Relations In Context London: CIPD Salamon, M. (2000) Industrial relations Theory and Practice: London, Prentice Hall (4th edition) Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. (1998) The Dynamics of Employee Relations, Basingstoke: Macmillan (2nd edition) Cully et al. (1999) Britain At Work, London: Routledge Incomes Data Services Ltd (2000) Trade Unions Employment Law Handbook: London: IDS Websites http://www.cipd.co.uk http://www.dti.gov.uk http://www.libr.port.ac.uk http://www.labour.org.uk http://www.conservatives.com http://www.tuc.org.uk

Human Resources Culture Makes for Top Employer

Human Resources Culture Makes for Top Employer Vincent M. Mendez In 1966 at the North Carolina State University (NCSU), individuals from eight other universities where brought together by the National Institute of Health (NIH). The purpose of this group of individuals was to develop software to analyze data being developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The original product was identified as Statistical Analysis System (SAS). This gave way to both the name and corporate beginnings. In 1972 NIH ended funding for the project. When funding ended the members of the team decided to each contribute $5,000.00 a year to continue the project at NCSU. Over the next few years SAS software was licensed to various companies across the business spectrum. As more business requested the software it was determined in 1976 by the original developers to privatize their efforts. SAS Institute Inc. originated at 2806 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina (NC), building located across the street from NCSU. In the beginning the small business relied on everyone in the business to know and do everyone elses job. When a shipment of users manuals arrived, everyone stopped what they were doing and formed a human chain to hoist each box, person to person, to storage space on the second floor. (SAS Institute Inc., 2016). Throughout the rest of the seventies SAS continued to grow and add employees. SAS also expanded into the global market opening subsidiary office overseas. In 1980 SAS moved to its current Headquarters location in Cary, NC. What makes SAS Institute Inc. a great place to work. CEO James Goodnight put it best in interview by Angus Loten for CIO Journal by The Wall Street Journal. The culture is the heart of the company and started in the beginning. The question and answer follows: SAS is often cited as a great place to work. Why is it important for you to keep workers happy? Because we are maintaining software for years and years, and constantly improving it and adding new features and capabilities, its very important to retain the people who originally wrote it. To do that, weve tried to create a culture where we have a great deal of respect for people and that rewards innovation. We have a weekly meeting every Tuesday where we have any number of people will come over and do demos of what theyre working on, for upper management, so we get a constant view of all the new things people are working on. (Loten, 2016). Culture is the key to SAS Institute Inc. success. Employee satisfaction along with showing their value to the company, was always at the beginning of the corporate culture of SAS. Early employees have related that in the beginning on Hillsborough street, James H. Goodnight (co-founder and current CEO) would take everyone in his car down the street to the pizza place. The company paid for everything during these outings. This was a regular occurrence when 100 customers where added. Flexible work schedules along with free MMs and breakfast goodies were present from the beginning. SAS posted its first company bulletin in 1978, which was type written on a single page of paper and posted on the bulletin board. Technology was not the only innovation SAS was a leader. In the year after moving to their new location in Cary, NC, SAS broke new ground opening the first employee child care center in the basement of the Headquarters building. This was decision by the company to keep employees (valuable programmers) considered not returning to work after pregnancy. At this point in time this was an idea not even considered by companies. This goes back to the interview Goodnight had with the Wall Street Journal in early 2016. These ideas began with the formation of the company and years before this type of information was identified as Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). This was the first of the ideas which made SAS a leading company to work for world wide. However, this was not the end. Following the opening of the daycare center, SAS took employee needs to a whole other level. At their headquarters campus, they open a recreation and fitness center. A health care center was open on the campus to support employees and families. This was followed by the opening of a gourmet cafà © to serve meals to employees. These additions garnered SAS awards to include Healthiest Company to Work For by Health and Living Magazine. The health care center has been a valuable to both SAS and their employees. Confirmation by a study conducted in conjunction with Duke Health. The finding was reported in a news release from SAS. Key point was the health care center lead to lower costs for both SAS and employees. For 30 years, analytics leader SAS has operated an on-site Health Care Center (HCC) for the convenience of employees and dependents. Now, a new study led by researchers at Duke Health finds those who use the HCC for primary care are less likely to need emergency department visits or hospitalizations than those who do not. (SAS Institute Inc., 2016). SAS highlights these benefits by providing them to all employees regardless of location. This type of culture is proof of success in that over the years has kept a turnover rate to around four percent. Employees, which are in 149 countries, are provided the same services as those at the Headquarters in North Carolina. Now it is not feasible to build and sustain medical clinics at all these location, the company has adapted ways to provide these services. For instance, in remote locations benefits such as childcare and medical are subsidized with local service providers. SAS does not hide it success in employee satisfaction. This is evident by visiting their website (http://www.sas.com/en_us/careers/life-at-sas.html). At this location, the company outlines what a career with SAS would be like. The headline here is this quote: By taking care of our employees, the rest takes care of itself (SAS Institute Inc., 2016). This location further discusses the culture and benefits. By separating these two areas the company can show its commitment to employees. Under the umbrella of culture there are eight areas discussed. These all relate to the company and how it manages work environment such as: open style of management to worker relationship, work conditions (college style campus at headquarters location), continuing employee growth, flexible work schedule allowing time during the day for fun and fitness, return investments (education and volunteer), and conservation. Benefits discusses four areas pertaining directly to the employee: money, career, health, and life. The founders of SAS had a vision and in that vison had the forethought that to succeed the company would not only have to provide a top line product but employ top line people. This has made for adjustments to business strategies, which requires changes to SHRM, easy and transparent. In other words: Organization development is a systematic approach to improving organizational capability, ie the capacity of an organization to function effectively in order to achieve desired results (Armstrong, 2016, p. 96). The company culture provides for change and growth. This type of corporate culture emulates SHRM. Much research has been carried out, which has shown that there is a correlation between good HRM practice and organizational performance. (Armstrong, 2016, p. 17). Being on the forefront of ideas which are now identified in discussions related to SHRM helps keep SAS as a leading place to work. The key to this is how to maintain and go forward into the future. SAS continues to be a leading place to work for many years. In 2016 Fortune ranked SAS the number two global company to work for. The reasons for the ranking came from Great Place to Work  ® reviews which related: At SAS Institute Inc., 94 percent of employees say their workplace is great (Great Place to Work, 2016). The survey provided a review of what employees think about the company and lists all the perks and programs SAS provides. What was discussed in this paper seems to be just the tip of the benefits. SAS by being far advanced in the idea of SHRM continues to adapt and change to new world and technological developments. In doing so has never forgotten to provide new and current customers great products and services requires those employees who got them in the first place. These practices has kept SAS a leader is analytical analysis and employee satisfaction. References Armstrong, M. (2016). Handbook of Strategic Human Resource Management. In M. Armstrong, Handbook of Strategic Human Resource Management (p. 17 p. 96). Philadelphia: Kogan Page Ltd. Great Place to Work. (2016, Aug 24). Great Place to Work SAS Institute Inc. Retrieved from Great Place to Work: http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/sas Loten, A. (2016, Mar 08). SAS Institute CEO, the Godfather of Analytics, Sees Future in the Past. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal, CIO Journal: http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2016/03/08/sas-institute-ceo-the-godfather-of-analytics-sees-future-in-the-past/ SAS Institute Inc. (2016, Feb 03). Fewer ER, hospital visits for employer health center patients, per major academic medical center study. Cary, NC. Retrieved Dec 27, 2016, from http://www.sas.com/en_us/news/press-releases/2016/february/sas-duke-study-employer-health-care-centers.html SAS Institute Inc. (2016, May 10). Life at SAS. Retrieved 2016, from SAS, Careers, Life at SAS: http://www.sas.com/en_us/careers/life-at-sas.html SAS Institute Inc. (2016). SAS Institute Inc. Company Information. Retrieved Dec 27, 2016, from Company History 1976-1980: www.sas.com/en-us/company-infomation.html#1976-1980